Chapter 56 Ap Biology Reading Guide Answers

one

i) Which of the following ecological locations has the greatest species diversity?
A) tundra
B) deciduous forests
C) tropics
D) grasslands
E) islands

2

ii) What is the estimated number of extant species on Earth?
A) i,000 to l,000
B) l,000 to 150,000
C) 500,000 to ane,000,000
D) 10,000,000 to 100,000,000
Eastward) 5 billion to 10 billion

three

3) Estimates of current rates of extinction
A) bespeak that we have reached a state of stable equilibrium in which speciation rates equal extinction rates.
B) suggest that one-half of all fauna and institute species may be gone past the year 2100.
C) signal that rates may be greater than the mass extinctions at the close of the Cretaceous period.
D) indicate that only i% of all of the species that take ever lived on World are even so alive.
E) suggest that rates of extinction have decreased globally.

4

4) Extinction is a natural miracle. Information technology is estimated that 99% of all species that ever lived are now extinct. Why then do we say that we are now experiencing an extinction (loss of biodiversity) crisis?
A) Humans are ethically responsible for protecting endangered species.
B) Scientists have finally identified most of the species on Earth and are thus able to quantify the number of species condign extinct.
C) The current charge per unit of extinction is high and human activities threaten biodiversity at all levels.
D) Humans accept greater medical needs than at any other time in history, and many potential medicinal compounds are existence lost as establish species become extinct.
Eastward) Most biodiversity hot spots have been destroyed by contempo ecological disasters.

five

v) Which of the following provides the best evidence of a biodiversity crisis?
A) the incursion of a not-native species
B) increasing pollution levels
C) decrease in regional productivity
D) high rate of extinction
East) climatic change

vi

6) Although extinction is a natural process, current extinctions are of concern to environmentalists because
A) more animals than e'er before are going extinct.
B) nigh electric current extinctions are caused by introduced species.
C) the rate of extinction is unusually high.
D) current extinction is primarily affecting plant diversity.
E) None of the options are right.

7

7) Which of the following terms includes all of the others?
A) species diversity
B) biodiversity
C) genetic diversity
D) ecosystem diversity
E) species richness

8

viii) According to the U.Southward. Endangered Species Act (ESA), the difference between an endangered species and a threatened one is that
A) an endangered species is closer to extinction.
B) a threatened species is closer to extinction.
C) threatened species are endangered species outside the U.Southward. borders.
D) endangered species are mainly tropical.
E) only endangered species are vertebrates.

9

9) Which of the following groups is about threatened past global extinctions?
A) mammals
B) birds
C) fish
D) amphibians
E) plants

10

10) To improve comprehend the magnitude of current extinctions, it volition be necessary to
A) monitor atmospheric carbon dioxide levels more closely.
B) differentiate between establish extinction and animal extinction numbers.
C) focus on identifying more than species of mammals and birds.
D) identify more of the nonetheless unknown species of organisms on Earth.
E) apply the average extinction rates of vertebrates as a baseline.

11

11) What term did E. O. Wilson money for our innate appreciation of wild environments and living organisms?
A) bioremediation
B) bioethics
C) biophilia
D) biophobia
E) landscape ecology

12

12) We should care almost loss in biodiversity in the populations of other species considering of
A) biophilia.
B) potential loss of medicines and other products yet undiscovered from threatened species.
C) potential loss of genes, some of which may code for proteins useful to humans.
D) the gamble to global ecological stability.
E) All of the options are right.

thirteen

13) The most serious consequence of a decrease in global biodiversity would be the
A) increment in global warming and thinning of the ozone layer.
B) potential loss of ecosystem services on which people depend.
C) increase in the abundance and multifariousness of edge-adjusted species.
D) loss of source of genetic diversity to preserve endangered species.
Eastward) loss of species for "bioprospecting."

14

14) Which of the following is the well-nigh direct threat to biodiversity?
A) increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide
B) the depletion of the ozone layer
C) overexploitation of selected species
D) habitat destruction
E) zoned reserves

15

15) Co-ordinate to about conservation biologists, the single greatest threat to global biodiversity is
A) chemical pollution of water and air.
B) stratospheric ozone depletion.
C) overexploitation of sure species.
D) alteration or destruction of the physical habitat.
Due east) global climate change resulting from a multifariousness of man activities.

16

16) What is the biological significance of genetic multifariousness betwixt populations?
A) Genes for adaptive traits to local conditions make microevolution possible.
B) The population that is most fit would survive by competitive exclusion.
C) Genetic variety allows for species stability past preventing speciation.
D) Isolated populations get more than fit.
Due east) Diseases and parasites are not spread between separated populations.

17

17) Introduced species tin have deleterious effects on biological communities by
A) preying on native species.
B) competing with native species for food or light.
C) displacing native species.
D) competing with native species for infinite or breeding/nesting habitat.
Due east) All of the options are correct.

eighteen

18) Overexploitation encourages extinction and is about likely to affect
A) animals that occupy a broad ecological niche.
B) large animals with low intrinsic reproductive rates.
C) most organisms that live in the oceans.
D) terrestrial organisms more than aquatic organisms.
E) edge-adjusted species.

nineteen

nineteen) How might the extinction of some Pacific Island bats called "flying foxes" threaten the survival of over 75% of the tree species in those islands?
A) The bats consume the insects that damage competitor plants.
B) The bats consume the fruit including the seeds that would disrupt the trees' reproductive cycle.
C) The bats roost in the trees and fertilize soil effectually the trees with their nitrogen-rich droppings.
D) The bats pollinate the trees and disperse seeds.
East) The bats pierce the fruit, which allows the seeds to germinate.

xx

20) The greatest cause of the biodiversity crisis, the one which includes all of the others, is
A) pollution.
B) global warming.
C) habitat destruction.
D) introduced species.
E) human overpopulation.

21

21) Of the post-obit ecosystem types, which accept been impacted the nigh by humans?
A) wetland and riparian
B) open and benthic sea
C) desert and high tall
D) taiga and second-growth forests
Due east) tundra and chill

22

22) The introduction of the brown tree snake in the 1940s to the island of Guam has resulted in
A) eradication of not-native rats and other undesirable/pest species.
B) the extirpation of many of the island's bird and reptile species.
C) a proficient lesson in biological command.
D) a new species of hybrids from crossbreeding with a native snake species.
E) its failure to compete with native species and its quick elimination from the isle.

23

23) Which of the post-obit examples poses the greatest potential threat to biodiversity?
A) replanting, afterward a articulate cut, a monoculture of Douglas fir trees on land that consisted of old-growth Douglas fir, western cedar, and western hemlock
B) assuasive previously used farmland to go fallow and begin to make full in with weeds so shrubs and saplings
C) trapping and relocating large predators, such as mountain lions, that pose a threat as they move into areas of relatively dense human being populations
D) importing an Asian insect into the Usa to command a weed that competes with staple crops
Due east) releasing sterilized rainbow trout to boost the sport fishing of a river system that contains native brook trout

24

24) Which of the following is a type of research in which a conservation biologist would be involved?
A) reestablishing whooping cranes in their onetime breeding grounds in Northward Dakota
B) studying species diversity and interaction in the Florida Everglades, past and present
C) studying population ecology of grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park
D) determining the furnishings of hunting white-tailed deer in Vermont
E) determining the effect of protection programs on the recovery of the North Atlantic cod fishery

25

25) Which of the following conditions is the most likely indicator of a population in an extinction vortex?
A) The population is geographically divided into smaller populations.
B) The species in question is found only in modest pockets of its former range.
C) The effective population size of the species falls below 500.
D) Genetic measurements point a loss of genetic variation over time.
E) The population is no longer connected by corridors.

26

26) According to the modest-population approach, what would be the all-time strategy for saving a population that is in an extinction vortex?
A) determining the minimum feasible population size by taking into account the effective population size
B) establishing a nature reserve to protect its habitat
C) introducing individuals from other populations to increase genetic variation
D) determining and remedying the cause of its decline
E) reducing the population size of its predators and competitors

27

27) Review the formula for effective population size. Imagine a population of 1,000 minor rodents. Of these, 300 are breeding females, 300 are breeding males, and 400 are nonbreeding juveniles. What is the effective population size?
A) i,000
B) ane,200
C) 600
D) 400
Eastward) 300

28

28) If the sex ratio in a population is significantly different from 50:50, and then which of the following will always be true?
A) The population will enter the extinction vortex.
B) The genetic variation in the population will increase over time.
C) The genetic variation in the population will decrease over fourth dimension.
D) The effective population size will be greater than the actual population size.
Due east) The effective population size volition be less than the actual population size.

29

29) Which of the following life history traits can potentially influence effective population size (Ne)?
A) maturation historic period
B) genetic relatedness among individuals in a population
C) family unit and population size
D) gene menses between geographically separated populations
E) All of the options are right.

30

30) Modern conservation biology increasingly aims at
A) protecting federally listed endangered species.
B) lobbying for strict enforcement of the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
C) sustaining biodiversity of entire ecosystems and communities.
D) maintaining genetic diversity in all species.
E) saving equally much habitat as possible from development and exploitation.

31

31) The discussion triage originated during World War I and was kickoff used by French doctors in prioritizing patients based on the severity of their wounds, considering at that place were more wounded soldiers in demand of urgent care than there were resource to treat them. Conservation biologists accept to make similar determinations with degraded ecosystems. Which of the post-obit is the most important consideration when it comes to managing for maintenance of biodiversity?
A) identifying large, high-profile vertebrates start, because steps to saving them would be most recognized by the public
B) determining which species is nearly important for conserving biodiversity as a whole
C) replanting suitable habitat for fauna
D) assessing the economic costs and the gains for society
E) maintaining optimum size of all populations in the ecosystem

32

32) Which of the following species was driven to extinction by overexploitation by hunters/fishermen?
A) African elephant
B) the not bad auk
C) N American bluefin tuna
D) flight foxes
E) American bison

33

33) The principal divergence between the small-population arroyo (S-PA) and the failing-population approach (D-PA) to biodiversity recovery is
A) S-PA is interested in bolstering the genetic diversity of a threatened population rather than the environmental factors that acquired the population's turn down.
B) South-PA kicks in for conservation biologists when population numbers autumn below 500.
C) D-PA would likely involve bringing together individuals from scattered small populations to interbreed in order to promote genetic diversity.
D) S-PA would investigate and eliminate all of the human impacts on the habitat of the species being studied for recovery.
E) D-PA would utilize recently nerveless population data to calculate an extinction vortex.

34

34) The long-term problem with crimson-cockaded woodpecker habitat intervention in the southwest United States is
A) the just habitat that tin support their recovery is big tracts of mature southern pino forest.
B) the mature pino forests in which they live cannot ever exist subjected to forest fire.
C) all of the appropriate red-cockaded woodpecker habitat has already been logged or converted to agricultural land.
D) the social arrangement of the blood-red-cockaded woodpecker precludes the dispersal of reproductive individuals.
E) what habitat remains for the red-cockaded woodpecker does non contain copse suitable for nest-cavity construction.

35

35) Managing southwestern forests specifically for the crimson-cockaded woodpecker
A) was wholeheartedly supported by the timber extraction industry.
B) contributed to greater abundance and multifariousness of other forest bird species.
C) caused other species of songbird to decline.
D) involved strict burn down suppression measures.
E) involved the creation of fragmented forest habitat.

36

36) Which of the following is truthful about the current research regarding woods fragmentation?
A) Fragmented forests back up a greater biodiversity because they effect in the combination of forest-edge species and forest-interior species.
B) Fragmented forests back up a lesser biodiversity because the forested-adjusted species get out, and only the edge and open-field species tin occupy fragmented forests.
C) Fragmented forests are the goal of conservation biologists who design wild animals preserves.
D) Harvesting timber that results in forest fragmentation results in less soil erosion.
E) The disturbance of timber extraction causes the species diversity to increase because of the new habitats created.

37

37) Relatively modest geographic areas with high concentrations of endemic species and a large number of endangered and threatened species are known as
A) endemic sinks.
B) critical communities.
C) biodiversity hot spots.
D) owned metapopulations.
East) bottlenecks.

38

38) How is habitat fragmentation related to biodiversity loss?
A) Less carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants in fragmented habitats.
B) In fragmented habitats, more soil erosion takes identify.
C) Populations of organisms in fragments are smaller and, thus, more susceptible to extinction.
D) Animals are forced out of smaller habitat fragments.
Eastward) Fragments generate silt that negatively affects sensitive river and stream organisms.

39

39) Cowbirds utilise fragmented forests finer by
A) feeding on the fruits of shrubs that tend to grow at the forest/open-field interface.
B) parasitizing the nests of wood birds, and feeding on open-field insects.
C) roosting in forest copse, and nesting in grassy fields.
D) outcompeting other songbird species in fragmented communities.
East) using woods encompass to escape from predators in their normal grassland habitat.

40

40) Which of the following is consequent with forest fragmentation enquiry?
A) Productivity is the same in both fragmented forests and woods interiors.
B) Border communities consistently take depression species variety.
C) Forest-interior species show declines in modest patch communities.
D) New-border species that migrate in do not seem to compete with forest species and often increase biodiversity in fragmented forests.
E) Species diversity is e'er lower in fragmented forests when compared to forest interiors in the same region.

41

41) How are motility corridors potentially harmful to certain species?
A) They increase inbreeding.
B) They promote dispersion.
C) They spread illness and parasites.
D) They increase genetic diversity.
E) They allow seasonal migration.

42

42) Biodiversity hot spots are non necessarily the all-time choice for nature preserves considering
A) hot spots are situated in remote areas non attainable to wild animals viewers.
B) their ecological importance makes land purchase very expensive.
C) a hot spot for one group of organisms may not exist a hot spot for another grouping.
D) hot spots are designated by abiotic factors present, not biotic factors.
E) designated hot spots change on a daily basis.

43

43) What is the biggest trouble with selecting a site for a preserve?
A) There is ever a conflict about use of land set aside for preservation.
B) Making a proper selection is difficult because currently the environmental atmospheric condition of almost any site change and so rapidly.
C) Keystone species are hard to identify in potential preserve sites.
D) Only lands that are not useful to human activities are available for preserves.
E) Most of the best sites are inaccessible by land transportation, so making roads to them is often prohibitively expensive.

44

44) Which of the post-obit is truthful about "hot spots"?
A) One-third of all species on Globe occupy less than 1.five% of Earth's land area (hot spots).
B) All of the plants and animals containing genes that may exist useful to humankind are located in Earth'due south hot spots.
C) Effectually 75% of all of the undiscovered species of organisms live in ecological hot spots.
D) As conservation measures improve over the next ten years, hot spots volition likely disappear.
Eastward) The hot spots that are in well-nigh dire need of remediation are located in the tundra.

45

45) What is a disquisitional load?
A) the corporeality of nutrient augmentation necessary to bring a depleted habitat back to its former level
B) the level of a given toxin in an ecosystem that is lethal to 50% of the species present
C) the maximum abundance level of a particular species, beyond which boosted numbers will degrade a habitat
D) the corporeality of added nutrient that can be captivated by plants without damaging ecosystem integrity
E) the number of predators an ecosystem tin back up that finer culls prey populations to healthy levels

46

46) The employ of DDT every bit an insecticide in the United States has been outlawed since 1971, all the same is nevertheless a problem for sure elevation-level carnivores in the U.s.a.. Which of the post-obit choices best explains this apparent incongruity?
A) DDT is still used for mosquito control in tropical countries, and certain migratory predators can be affected by a seasonal biomagnification.
B) Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane is persistent in the environment and all of the pre-1971 Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane is however available in toxic form to toxicant tiptop-level carnivores.
C) Pre-1971 Ddt has been deposited in certain habitats, particularly wetlands and estuaries, so predators in these ecosystems are vulnerable to biomagnifications of Ddt.
D) Whereas most Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane-susceptible species have go resistant to persistent Ddt, others are still vulnerable.
Eastward) All of the options are correct.

47

47) Agricultural lands frequently require nutrient augmentation because
A) nitrogen-fixing bacteria are not equally plentiful in agronomical soils because of the use of pesticides.
B) the nutrients that get the biomass of plants are not cycled back to the soil on lands where they are harvested.
C) state that is available for agriculture tends to be nutrient-poor.
D) grains raised for feeding livestock must be fortified, and thus require additional nutrients.
E) cultivation of agricultural state inhibits the decomposition of organic affair.

48

48) Called-for fossil fuels releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. These air pollutants can be responsible for
A) the decease of fish in lakes.
B) precipitation with a pH as depression as 3.0.
C) calcium deficiency in soils.
D) directly harm to plants by leaching nutrients from the leaves.
E) All of the options are correct.

49

49) This causes an increase in the intensity of UV radiation reaching World.
A) depletion of ozone layer
B) acid precipitation
C) biological magnification
D) greenhouse effect
E) eutrophication

50

l) This term refers to the reflecting and assimilation of infrared radiations by atmospheric methane, carbon dioxide, and water.
A) depletion of ozone layer
B) acid precipitation
C) biological magnification
D) greenhouse effect
E) eutrophication

51

51) This is caused by excessive nutrient runoff into aquatic ecosystems.
A) depletion of ozone layer
B) acid precipitation
C) biological magnification
D) greenhouse consequence
E) eutrophication

52

52) This causes extremely loftier levels of toxic chemicals in fish-eating birds.
A) depletion of ozone layer
B) acid precipitation
C) biological magnification
D) greenhouse effect
E) eutrophication

53

53) The biggest challenge that Costa Rica will likely face up in its dedication to conservation and restoration in the futurity is
A) the pressures of its growing population.
B) its minor size (every bit a country), which may not exist able to maintain big plenty reserves.
C) the potential for disturbance of sensitive species in reserves past ecotourists.
D) spread of illness and parasites via corridors from neighboring countries.
Eastward) the large number of Costa Rican species already in the extinction vortex.

54

54) Which of the following nations has become a world leader in the institution of zoned reserves?
A) Costa Rica
B) Canada
C) China
D) Usa
Eastward) Mexico

55

55) Based on what you know about ecosystem stability and the information provided in the graph, which community (A-E) would likely support the most biodiversity?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
East) E

56

56) Study the information above most quail habitats. Which of these represents the best quail habitat in terms of fragmentation and edge?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Eastward) E

57

57) Study the information above about quail habitats. Assuming that merely one quail can occupy a habitat where all cover requirements are met, what is the maximum number of quail that could inhabit whatsoever of the hypothetical plots shown?
A) 1
B) 2
C) iv
D) half dozen
Due east) 9

58

Flycatcher birds that drift from Africa to Europe feed their nestlings a diet that is virtually exclusively moth caterpillars. The graph below shows the hateful dates of arrival, bird hatching, and peak caterpillar season for the years 1980 and 2000.

58) The shift in the meridian of caterpillar season is nigh likely due to
A) pesticide utilize.
B) earlier migration returns of flycatchers.
C) an innate change in the biological clock of the caterpillars.
D) global warming.
Due east) acid precipitation in Europe.

59

Flycatcher birds that migrate from Africa to Europe feed their nestlings a diet that is near exclusively moth caterpillars. The graph below shows the mean dates of arrival, bird hatching, and elevation caterpillar season for the years 1980 and 2000.

59) Why were ecologists concerned virtually the shift in the elevation caterpillar season from June three, 1980, to May fifteen, 2000?
A) The caterpillars would have eaten much of the foliage of the trees where flycatchers would have nested, rendering their nests more open up to predation.
B) The earlier hatching of caterpillars would compete with other insect larval forms which the flycatchers would also use to feed their young.
C) The 2000 flycatcher nestlings would miss the tiptop caterpillar flavor and might not exist besides fed.
D) The flycatchers would have to drift sooner to match their brood-rearing to the fourth dimension of acme caterpillar season.
E) Pesticides, which accept a negative upshot on the ecosystem, would have to be used to control the earlier outbreak of caterpillar hatching.

60

60) Suppose yous attend a town coming together at which some experts tell the audience that they take performed a cost-benefit analysis of a proposed transit system that would probably reduce overall air pollution and fossil fuel consumption. The analysis, all the same, reveals that ticket prices will non cover the toll of operating the organisation when fuel, wages, and equipment are taken into account. Equally a biologist, you know that if ecosystem services had been included in the analysis the experts might have arrived at a different answer. Why are ecosystem services rarely included in economical analyses?
A) Their cost is difficult to estimate and people have them for granted.
B) They are non worth much and are unremarkably non considered.
C) There are no laws that require investigation of ecosystem services in environmental planning.
D) There are besides many variables to ecosystem services, making their calculation impossible.
E) Ecosystem services only take into account abiotic factors that affect local environments.

61

61) Your friend is wary of environmentalists' claims that global warming could lead to major biological change on Earth. Which of the following statements can yous use in response to your friend's suspicions?
A) We know that atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased over the past 150 years.
B) Through measurements and observations, we know that CO2 levels and temperature fluctuations are direct correlated, fifty-fifty in prehistoric times.
C) Global warming could take significant effects on agronomics in the United States.
D) Sea levels volition probable rise, displacing equally much as 50% of the globe's man population.
E) All statements listed could be used.

62

62) I characteristic that distinguishes a population in an extinction vortex from most other populations is that
A) its habitat is fragmented.
B) it is a rare, pinnacle-level predator.
C) its effective population size is much lower than its full population size.
D) its genetic multifariousness is very depression.
E) information technology is not well adjusted to border weather condition.

63

63) The primary cause of the increase in the amount of CO₂ in Earth's atmosphere over the by 150 years is
A) increased worldwide main production.
B) increased worldwide standing crop.
C) an increment in the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere.
D) the burning of larger amounts of woods and fossil fuels.
Due east) additional respiration past the rapidly growing human population.

64

64) What is the unmarried greatest threat to biodiversity?
A) overharvesting of commercially of import species
B) introduced species that compete with native species
C) pollution of Earth'southward air, water, and soil
D) disruption of trophic relationships as more than and more prey species become extinct
E) habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction

65

65) Which of the post-obit is a upshot of biological magnification?
A) Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to pinnacle-level predators than to primary consumers.
B) Populations of superlative-level predators are generally smaller than populations of principal consumers.
C) The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of master consumers.
D) Merely a small-scale portion of the free energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers.
E) The corporeality of biomass in the producer level of an ecosystem decreases if the producer turnover time increases.

66

66) Which of the post-obit strategies would about quickly increase the genetic multifariousness of a population in an extinction vortex?
A) Capture all remaining individuals in the population for captive breeding followed by reintroduction to the wild.
B) Institute a reserve that protects the population's habitat.
C) Innovate new individuals transported from other populations of the same species.
D) Sterilize the to the lowest degree fit individuals in the population.
E) Command populations of the endangered population'south predators and competitors.

67

67) Of the following statements about protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity, which one is not correct?
A) Virtually 25% of Earth'due south country area is now protected.
B) National parks are one of many types of protected areas.
C) Well-nigh protected areas are as well small to protect species.
D) Management of a protected area should be coordinated with management of the land surrounding the area.
Eastward) It is especially of import to protect biodiversity hot spots.

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